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(INCORPORATED! 

CHICAGO  -  USA 


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INTERNATIONAL  ENSILAGE  CUTTERS 


International  Ensilage  Cutters 

Types  and  Capacities:  International  ensilage  cutters,  Types  A  and  B,  are  built  for 
those  who  can  use  machines  with  large  capacities.  They  are  very  popular  with  custom 
ensilage  cutter  operators.  These  large  cutters  are  also  much  in  demand  by  groups  of 
farmers  who  club  together  for  the  purpose  of  buying  and  using  a  machine  to  operate  on 
the  farms  of  the  club  members,  where  quick  work,  big  capacity,  and  skilled  service  are 
required. 

Type  A:  The  Type  A  machine  requires  about  20  to  25-H.  P..  oil  or  gas  engine, 
for  running,  and  has  a  capacity  of  from  10  to  25  tons  per  hour. 

Type  B:  The  Type  P>  machine  requires  a  15  to  20-11.  P.,  oil  or  gas  engine,  and 
has  a  capacity  of  from  12  to  10  tons  per  hour. 

These  capacities  depend  of  course  upon  the  kind  of  stalks  being  cut  and  the  condi- 
tion the  stalks  are  in  at  the  time  of  cutting. 

Type  E :  The  Type  E  ensilage  cutter  is  designed  for  the  farmer  who  desires  to  do 
his  own  cutting,  or  where  a  small  machine  is  required.  All)  to  15-11.  P.  gasoline  or 
oil  engine  is  required  to  operate  the  Type  E.  It  has  a  capacity  of  from  10  to  12  tons 
per  hour,  based  on  the  kind  and  condition  of  stalks,  as  above  stated. 

Why  the  Main  Frame  Should  be  Made  Strong:  The  cutting  and  elevating  of 
ensilage  is  heavy  work,  to  say  the  least.  There  is  nothing  that  racks  any  machine  as 
hard  as  rapid  motion  which  must  be  kept  up  for  a  long  period  of  time.  To  keep  the 
working  mechanism  in  alignment  and  the  machine  working  freely  at  all  times  requires 
an  exceptionally  strong  main  frame. 

How  the  Main  Frame  on  the  International  is  Made :  The  main  frame,  or  the 
foundation  of  the  International  ensilage  cutter,  goes  through  such  a  careful  and  pains- 
taking process  of  construction  that  the  finished  article  does  not  vary  one-sixteenth  of  an 
inch  from  the  dimensions  specified  in  the  blue  print.  This  can  he  verified  by  measuring 
the  dimensions  of  any  stock  machine. 

All  the  Holes  in  the  Main  Frame  Punched  at  the  Same  Time:  All  the  holes  in 
the  heavy  steel  channels  constituting  the  main  frame  are  punched  in  one  operation  on  a 
gang  punch.  These  channels  are  individually  straightened  and  gauged  on  a  master  form 
to  secure  accuracy.  Next,  the  parts  of  the  frame  are  clamped  into  a  machined  riveting 
form  and  hot  riveted  together.  The  frame  as  a  whole  is  then  checked  up  again,  which 
insures  an  accurate  foundation  for  all  working  parts.  The  result  is  a  main  frame  which 
has  the  solidity  and  strength  of  a  one-piece  construction,  with  sufficient  rigidity  to  hold 
all  the  working  parts,  when  mounted,  in  perfect  alignment  even  under  the  most  trying- 
conditions. 

Reinforcements:  The  frame  is  still  further  reinforced  by  means  of  cross  sills  con- 
sisting of  heavy  bar  steel. 


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INTERNATIONAL  ENSILAGE  CUTTERS 


A  Superior  Frame  :  It  is 
easily  superior  to  any  other  main 

frame  ever  built  as  a  foundation 
for  an  ensilage  cutter.  The  add- 
ed cost  and  trouble  in  making 
this  frame  is  more  than  offset 
by  the  gain  in  ease  of  operation 
and  the  reduced  wear  on  the 
bearings  and  working  parts. 

Trucks  for  All  Types:  The 
trucks  for  all  machines  have  a 
steel  construction.  The  wheels 
are  made  with  oval  spokes,  hot 
riveted    in   the  hub    and    tire. 

Tires  are  Made  Wide  and 
Strong:  The  front  wheels  are 
amply  large,  with  long  hubs 
equipped  with  sand  rings  at 
either  end .  They  can  be  turned 
completely  under  all  machines. 
There  is  ample  clearance  for 
the  conveyor  when  the  front 
wheel  is  turned  under. 

Driving  Mechanism  for 
Types  A,  B,  and  E:  The  driv- 
ing mechanism  for  all  types  of 
International  ensilage  cutters  is 
very  similar  except  that  Types 
A  and  B  are  equipped  with 
gear-speed  changes,  allowing 
eight  different  lengths  of  cut. 

The  self-aligning  boxes  and 
shifting  devices  £<  >r  throwingthe 
mechanism  out  of  gear  are  practi- 
cally the  same  on  all  sizes,  the 
only  difference  being  in  point  of 
location  and  relation  to  the  rest 
of  the  working  parts.  The 
changes  in  length  of  cut  on  all 
types  are  made  by  sprockets  on 
the  bevel-gear  shaft,  and  th  e  feed- 
roll  drive  shaft.  The  bevel  gear 
shaft  being  square,  makes  it  easy 
t(  >  slide  the  sprocket  on  this  shaft 
back  and  forth  to  make  the  prop- 
er adjustment  f< >r  changes  in  cut 


Rear  end  International  Ensilage  Cutter,  Type  E — Note  strong 
construction  of  the  frame  and  that  the  machine  can  be  easily 
unmounted  if  desired  to  use  the  ensilage  cutter  without  trucks 


Construction  of  gears,  Types   A   and    B  — 
Note  the  simplicity  and  easy  oiling  facilities 


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Driving  mechanism  for  Type  E  Ensilage  Cutter.    Flywheel  shaft  has  adjustment 
on  end  to  take  up  wear  and  keep  knife  in  the  proper  relation  to  the  cutter  bar 

Aligning  Facilities:  All  working  parts  are  easy  of  access,  so  that  aligning  can  be 
done  without  any  trouble.  The  bearings  are  self-aligning,  which  insures  durability  and 
easy  running.  All  bearings  which  are  difficult  to  oil  and  require  much  lubrication  are 
equipped  with  hard  oilers,  which  enables  the  operator  to  oil  the  bearings  even  when  the 
machine  is  running. 

Roller  Bearings:  Practically  all  the  most  important  bearings  are  equipped  with 
roller  bushings.  Roller  bearings  on  a  machine  of  this  kind  have  much  to  do  with  the 
ease  of  operation  as  it  tends  to  reduce  friction  to  a  minimum. 

Speed  Changes  on  Types  A  and  B:     Types  A  and  B  ensilage  cutters  can  be 
adjusted  for  cutting  eight  different  lengths 
of  fodder.     This  is  brought  about  by  the 
speed-change    gears,    pictured  below, 


Speed  change  device,  Types  A  and  B 
EnsilageCutt^r.    Bear  gears  in  mesh 


Speed  change  device.  Types  A  and  B  Ensilage 
Cutter  —  The  change  of  speed  is  made  by 
moving  the  gear  on  the  shaft  until  it  meshes 
with  the  proper  gear  on  the  opposite  shaft 


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INTERNATIONAL  ENSILAGE  CUTTERS 


Automatic  chain  tightener  ad- 
justed when  feeder  is  reversed 


in  connection  with  the  different  chain-speed 
changes.  The  change  gears  on  the  flywheel 
shaft  are  held  in  place  with  a  set  screw.  In 
changing  the  speed  it  is  only  necessary  to 
loosen  the  screw  and  move  the  gear  backward 
•  >r  forward  as  desired  on  the  flywheel  shaft. 
This  requires  but  a  moment's  time.  The 
change  gear  is  driven  with  a  long  feather  key, 
thus  relieving  the  set  screw  of  all  the  work 
except  holding  the  gear  in  place. 

All  the  necessary  devices  for  securing 
the  different  lengths  of  cut  are  found  on  the 
machine.  There  are  no  loose  gears  and  sprock- 
ets to  carry  with  the  machine  and  no  substitu- 
tions are  necessary.  In  fact,  there  is  nothing 
to  add  or  take  away,  which  is  a  big  advantage  from  a  time-saving  standpoint. 

Advantage  of  Change  Gears:  The  lug  advantage  of  the  change  gears  is  that  it 
gives  all  the  benefits  of  two  gears  in  one.  Should  a  tooth  break  on  a  gear,  it  will  not 
delay  the  operation  longer  than  it  takes  to  loosen  the  set  screw  holding  the  sliding  gear 
on  the  shaft,  and  move  it  so  that  the  other  set  of  gears  is  in  mesh.  The  same  approxi- 
mate length  of  cut  as  before  the  breakage  is  then  secured  by  shifting  the  chain  on  the 
double  sprocket.     Breakage  is  sometimes  caused  by  hard  objects  passing  through. 

Features  Common  to  All  Machines 

Automatic  Chain  Tighteners:  Using  a  chain  to  drive  the  feeding  mechanism 
necessitates  an  automatic  chain  tightener,  and  the  question  has  been  to  devise  some 
means  whereby  the  chain  would  automatically  adjust  itself  to  different  feeding  condi- 
tions when  reversing  the  machine. 

The  automatic  chain  tightener  used  on  the  International  ensilage  cutter  has  been 
found  very  satisfactory. 

Advantage  of  Tightener:  The  automatic  chain  tightener  is  composed  of  two 
rollers  fastened  to  the  bracket  hinged  on  the  lower  feed  roll  drive  shaft.  When  the 
conveyor  is  operated  with  a  forward  movement, 
the  top  of  the  chain  is  slack.  The  distance  be- 
tween the  two  rollers  is  such  that  the  straight 
part  of  the  chain  pressing  against  the  lower 
roller  pulls  the  upper  roller  down  against  the 
slack  part  of  the  chain.  When  the  conveyor  is 
reversed,  the  chain  tightening  at  the  top  pulls 
the  lower  roller  up  against  the  under  part  of 
the  chain,  thus  automatically  adjusting  itself 
to  this  condition.  The  great  advantage  of  this 
tightener  is  that  while  the  chain  can  be  opera- 
ted at  the  proper  tension  to  run  the  conveyor 
steadily  and  evenly,  it  does  not  add  to  the  draft 
or  cause  unnecessary  wear  on  the  chain.    The  »  *  ,  t 

'  ,.  ii     •        i    ,  .1       .•    i  ±  Automatic  chain  tightener  adjusted 

rollers  are  adjustable  in  slots  on  the  tightener  wnen  the  machine  is  running  forward 


INTERNATIONAL  ENSILAGE  CUTTERS 


The  rear  knife  wheel  bearing  is  equip- 
ped with  adjustment  devices  to  keep  the 
knife  in  proper  relation  to  the  cutter  bar 


bracket  to  allow  for  variation  in  the  tight- 
ness of  the  chain  and  the  <litt'erent  sizes  of 
sprockets. 

Long  Bearings  for  Knife  Wheel  Shaft: 

The  speed  of  the  flywheel,  together  with  the 
strain  of  the  belt  on  the  pulley,  tends  to 
produce  a  great  deal  of  friction.  The  heavy 
work  of  cutting  and  elevating  also  adds  to 
the  strain  exerted  on  the  bearings.  To 
counteract  this  friction,  the  bearings  on  the 
International  are  made  long  and  heavy,  and 
are  lined  with  the  best  grade  of  babbitt. 
As  the  bearings  are  held  firmly  in  align- 
ment and  the  proper  oiling  facilities  have 
been  provided,  the  friction  is  held  down 
to  a  minimum. 
Flywheel    Adjustment:     It   is  particularly  necessary  on  ensilage  cutters  to  have 

the  knives  working  in  proper  relation  to  the  cutter  bar  at  all  times.     If  the  knives 

are  too  far  away  from  the  cutter  bar,  they  do  not  cut  the  fodder  properly  and  the  draft 

of  the  machine  is  increased.    If  they  are  set  too  close  to  the  cutter  bar,  they  act  as  a  brake  on 

the  flywheel,  and  dull  both  knives  and  the  cutter  bar.     International  ensilage  cutters  are 

equipped  with  every  adjustment  necessary  to  keep  the  knives  in  proper  relation  to  the 

cutter  bar  at  all  times. 

The   rear  box  for  the  flywheel  shaft  is  equipped  with  an  adjusting  device,  which 

enables  the  operator  to  set  the  flywheel  so  as  to  secure  the  proper  alignment  of  the 

knife  to  the  cutter  bar  if  this  relation  should 

be  disturbed  by  long  wear  or  heavy  strains 

This  is  accomplished  by  adjusting  the 

screws  on  the  bracket  which  move  the  h 

to  or  from  the  cutter  bar  or  to  either  side 

desired.  Slotted  holes  in  the  box  allow  si 

an  adjustment  to  be  made.     Note  illust 

tion  at  top  of  this  page. 

The    front  end  of  the  flywheel 

shaft  is  also  equipped  with  a  set-screw 

adjustment.     A  case-hardened  steel 

thrust  1  tearing  is  situated  between  the 

front  end  of  the  flywheel  shaft  and 

the  set  screw  in  this  box. 

Powerful  Blower:  The  flywheel 

and  the  fan  blades  of  the  International 

ensilage  cutters  are  so  constructed  as 

to  form  an  exceedingly  strong  and 

powerful  blower.    International  ma- 
chines have  elevated  ensilage  to  the 

top  <  if  a  ( 14-foot  silo  with  ease,evidence 

enough  of  superior  construction. 


The  solid  wheel  practically  forms  a  vacuum, 
assuring  greater  force  for  elevating  ensilage 


10 


INTERNATIONAL  ENSILAGE  CUTTERS 


How  the  Powerful  Blast  from  the 
Blower  is  Secured:  The  flywheel  is 
practically  solid,  and  is  equipped  with 
three  knives  and  three  fan  blades.  The 
openings  in  the  flywheel  are  immedi- 
ately in  front  of  the  knives,  so  that 
when  the  knife  has  passed  the  cutter 
bar,  the  opening  is  closed  with  the  solid 
part  of  the  flywheel,  causing  the  fan 
and  side  of  the  wheel  to  practically  form 
a  vacuum,  which  allows  more  force  or 
wind  pressure  for  blowing  out  the  en- 
silage. The  fan  is  placed  in  such  a 
position  that  it  follows  the  cut  feed, 
and  forces  it  out,  allowing  the  fan 
to    clear    itself    instantly.      For   this 


Photograph  showing  clean-cut  stalks  in  the  posi- 
tion in  which  they  were  delivered  hy  feed  rolls 

practically  the  same,  the  only  difference 
being  in  the  different  sizes,  Types 
A  and  B  having  a  9-inch  blower 
pipe,  while  the  Type  E  has  a  7-inch 
pipe. 

The  Advantage  of  Using  Con- 
cave Knives:  The  knives  are  con- 
cave, of  a  special  shape,  and  give  a 
pronounced  inward  shear  cut,  which 
requires  the  minimum  of  power,  and 
holds  the  stalks  in  position,  preventing 
trash  and  twine  from  winding  about 
the  flywheel  shaft. 

The  knives  are  also  offset  at  the 
cutting  edge  to  give  clearance  when 
passing  the  cut  stalks. 


View  of  knife,  cutter  bar  and  conveyor  with  feed  roll  raised. 
The  inner  edge  of  the  knife  makes  a  close  shear  cut,  pre- 
venting stalks,  twine,  and  trash  from  wedging  between 
the  cutter  bar  and  the  knife.  This  insures  a  clean  cut 
every  stroke,  and  prevents  winding  on  the  flywheel  shaft 

reason  the  flywheel  always  runs  freely  and 
easily. 

How  the  Steel  Fan  Wings  are  Attach- 
ed :  The  steel  fan  wings  are  bolted  solidly 
to  the  flywheel,  braced  by  angle  brackets 
which  are  riveted  to  the  fan  wings  them- 
selves, and  backed  up  by  lugs  on  the  fly- 
wheel. The  outer  ends  of  the  fan  wings 
are  provided  with  steel  scrapers  to  prevent 
the  accumulation  of  cut  ensilage  on  the 
inside  of  the  housing. 

Size  of  Blower  Pipes :  The  construc- 
tion  of   the  blower  on  all  three  types  is 


View  of  the  cutter  bar  and  knife  showing  the  feed 
i-ull  down.  This  illustration  and  the  one  at  the  top 
of  the  page  show  the  great  range  that  can  be  made 
in  the  quantity  of  stalks  being  fed  to  the  knife 

11 


INTERNATIONAL  ENSILAGE  CUTTERS 


The  wide,  specially  shaped  throat,  paddle  and  feed  rolls,  and  steel 
conveyor  force  all  the  stalks  to  the  knife — no  clogging  at  this  point 


Stalks  are  Held  Rigidly  in 
Position  While  Being  Cut:  An- 
other 1  rig  advantage  of  the  concave 
construction  of  the  knives  is  that 
the  stalks,  instead  of  being  forced 
toward  the  outer  edgeof  the  knives, 
are  held  in  the  position  in  which 
they  are  placed  by  the  feed  rolls. 
There  is  no  opportunity  for  stalks 
to  be  forced  in  either  direction  as 
the  heel  of  the  knife  holds  them 
in  position  while  the  inward  shear 
severs  them.  This  means  that 
there  will  be  very  little  shelling 
of  the  corn  from  the  cob,  thus  in- 
suring a  cleaner  job  of  cutting. 

An  extra  set  of  knives  is  fur- 
nished with  each  machine  so  that 
the  work  can  be  carried  on  while 


the  dull  set  is  being  sharpened.     The  knives  are  easy  to  remove  and  put  on. 

Cutter  Bar:    The  cutter  bar  is  set  up  on  an  angle  with  the  lower  edge  backed  off  to  give 

a  sharp  cutting  edge.  This  bar  is  fastened  to  its  support  by  plow  bolts  which  are  securely  held 

by  lock  nuts.  The  bar  has  two  cutting  edges  which  are  reversible  and  can  be  easily  ground. 

Force  Feed:     International  ensilage  cutters  are  equipped  with  a  force-feeding  device 

which  grips  and  pushes  the  stalks  into  the  throat  of  the 
machine  without  per- 
mitting them  to  clog 
the  feed  opening.  This 
is  made  possible  by  the 
great  range  of  move- 
ments of  the  paddle  and 
feed  rolls,  which  auto- 
matically adjust  them- 
selves to  the  amount  of 
feed.  These  rolls  work 
independently  of  each 
other.  If  a  heavy  charge 
of  fodder  strikes  the 
paddle  roll,  it  is  auto- 
matically raised,  then 
its  weight  begins  to 
force  the  stalks  down 
so  that  by  the  time 
they  reach  the  feed  roll, 
the  bulk  has  been  press- 
ed down  compactly, 

12 


Paddle  roll  and  feed  roll 
in   the   lowest  position 


Paddle  roll  and  feed  roll 
in  the  highest  position 


INTERNATIONAL  ENSILAGE  CUTTERS 


i/iT' 


Paddle  roll  in  low  posi- 
tion, feed  roll   raised 


which  makes  it  easi- 
er for  the  feed  roll 
to  grasp  them .  The 
pressure  exerted  by 
the  paddle  roll  is 
regulated  automat- 
ically by  the  amount 
of  the  feed.  In  ev- 
ery case  the  pres- 
sure is  positive  and 
forces  the  feed  into 
the  feed  openingand 
to  the  knives. 

The  shape  of  the 
sides  of  the  feed 
opening  is  also  an 
advantage  in  secur- 
ing a  positive  feed. 
Straggling  ends  of 
the  feed  are  direct- 
ed toward  acommon 
centre  so  that  the 
possible. 

The  conveyor  is  made  of 


I 'addle 
roll  in 


roll  raised,  feed 
low   position 


paddle  roll  can  get  the  best  grip  _ 

An  Even  Feed  is  Assured:  The  conveyor  is  made  of  sheet-steel  slats  with  the 
edges  turned  up  to  make  them  more  aggressive.  When  the  conveyor  and  paddle  roll 
grasp  the  stalks  from  below  and  above,  the  grip  on  the  stalks  steadily  forces  them  to 
the  feed  rolls.  The  different  parts  of  the  feeding  mechanism  all  travel  the  same  number 
of  feet  per  minute  so  that  they  work  in  perfect  harmony  and  prevent  any  slipping  of  the 
stalks,  making  it  practically  impossible  to  choke  the  throat  of  the  machine.  A  more 
even  flow  of  fodder  results  in  a  much  greater  capacity  for  the  same  size  machine  than 
can  be  obtained  by  hand  feeding.  It  also  relieves  the  mechanism  of  the  sudden  jars 
and  jolts  which  come  with  an  uneven  flow  of  fodder.  Capacity  is  always  increased  by 
steady  feeding. 

Figure  out  what  it  costs  per  day  to  have  the  capacity  of  your  machine  cut  down  by 
one-third  or  one-half  on  account  of  uneven  feeding.  Then  multiply  by  the  cost  per  day 
and  by  the  number  of  days  in  a  season's  run,  and  you  will  know  just  how  much 
money  you  can  save  by  running  an  International  ensilage  cutter. 

Hand  Feeding  Not  Always  Satisfactory:  Another  point  for  consideration  is 
that  it  is  absolutely  impossible  for  a  man  to  feed  an  ensilage  cutter  by  hand  evenly  and 
rapidly.  Hand  feeding  at  best  lowers  the  capacity  of  any  machine.  With  an  Inter- 
national there  is  no  variation  of  feed,  hence,  the  machine  is  running  full  capacity  at  all 
times,  if  the  pitchers  keep  the  stalks  going  into  the  chute  continuously.  Besides,  the 
use  of  this  chute  in  connection  with  the  paddle  roll,  does  away  with  the  services  of  one 
man  which  makes  a  big  saving  in  wages  and  board  possible  each  cutting  season. 

Upper  Feed  Roll  Spring:  The  spring  located  above  the  upper  feed  roller  distrib- 
utes an  even  pressure  the  full  width  of  the  feed  throat,  and  keeps  the  upper  roller  in  a 
horizontal  position  as  it  moves  up  and  down. 

13 


INTERNATIONAL  ENSILAGE  CUTTERS 


Observe  that  the  man's  shoulder  rests  against 
the  gear  clutch  lever.  It  is  impossible  for 
him  to  reach  his  hand  as  far  forward  as  the 
knife  without  throwing  the  machine  out  ol  gear 


Safety  Devices:  International  en- 
silage  cutters  of  all  types  are  equipped  ([ 
with  safety  devices  which  cover  every 
part  of  the  machine  liable  to  injure  the 
operator.  The  state  of  Minnesota  has 
very  strict  laws  relating  to  safety  appli- 
ances on  farm  machinery.  On  account 
of  these  laws  many  companies  are  unable 
to  sell  their  machines  in  this  state.  The 
International  ensilage  cutter  was  care- 
fully examined  by  the  state  inspector, 
and  passed  all  the  requirements  laid 
down  by  the  law  for  safety  appliances. 
Furthermore,  the  commissioner  of  labor 
in  the  state  of  Minnesota  complimented 
this  Company  on  the  complete  safety 
equipment  of  the  International  ensilage 
cutter. 

Safety  Shifting  Lever :     One  of  the 
important   features 
of  all  International 


ensilage  cutters  is 
the  safety-shifting 
lever.  This  lever  extends  from  the  clutch  side  up  over  the  top  of 
the  throat  and  down  to  the  other  side  where  it  is  pivoted  to  the 
frame.  It  throws  the  machine  in  and  out  of  gear,  forward  and 
reverse.  It  is  placed  in  such  a  position  that  the  operator  will 
throw  the  mechanism  out  of  gear  automatically  should  he  get  into 
too  close  proximity  to  the  feed  rolls. 

The  lever  does  not  lock  solid  like  an  ordinary  shifting  lever, 
but  slips  from  one  notch  to  another  when  pressure  is  applied  to 
secure  the  three  different  positions  desired  in  the  following  order 
— in  gear,  out  of  gear,  and  reverse,  counting  toward  the  throat  of 
the  machine. 

The  fact  that  it  extends 
up  over  the  feed  throat  all<  >ws 
it  to  be  operated  from  either 
side  of  the  machine. 

Too  much  stress  cannot 
be  laid  upon  this  feature 
when  one  realizes  how  quick- 
ly accidents  happen  and  how 
necessary  it  is  for  the  operator 
to  have  a  clutch  lever  handy 
and  easy  to  operate  when  the 
occasion  so  requires.  Filling  a  50-foot  silo. 

14 


Q 


The  top  15  feet  is  a  water  tank 


INTERNATIONAL  ENSILAGE  CUTTERS 


Shield  Over  Mechanism: 

The  gearing  on  both  sides  of 
the  machine  is  covered  with 
shields  to  protect  it  from  fall- 
ing stalks  or  trash,  and  also 
to  prevent  the  operator  from 
coming  in  contact  with  any 
of  the  gears.  The  shields  can 
be  easily  removed  to  give  the 
operator  ready  access  to  the 
working  mechanism  when- 
ever it  becomes  necessary  to 
make  any  adjustment  or 
changes. 

It  can  be  seen  that  every 
attention  has  been  given,  in 
designing  the  machine,  to  pro- 
tect the  operator  from  per- 
sonal injury.  These  features 
alone  will  recommend  the 
International  ensilage  cutter 
to  anyone  who  is  interested 
in  a  machine  of  this  type. 

Handy  Tool  Box:    A  steel 
tool  box,  fastened  solidly  to 
the  main  frame,  is  provided  for  the  extra  set  of  knives  accompanying  each  machine, 
and  necessary  tools. 


The  shield  over  the  mechanism  keeps  any  person 
about  the  machine  out  of  danger,  and  protects 
the    gears   from  contact  with    hard    substances 


The  work  is  always  well  done  with  an  International  Ensilage  Cutter 

15 


INTERNATIONAL  ENSILAGE  CUTTERS 


i-house 
eccen- 


Fan-House  Cover :     A  fan-house  cover  that  can  be  held  solidly 
in  place  and  opened  quickly  and  easily  is  a  necessary  feature,  and 
that  is  seldom  found  on  an  ensilage  cutter. 

by  Two  Levers:  On  International  cutters  the  fan  house 
in  place  by  two  levers  working  on  the  eccentric  plan  —  one 
on  each  side  of  an  angle  bar  fastened  to  the  blower 
outlet.  The  eccentric  shape  of  these  levers  lock 
the  cover  solidly  in  place.  When  the  operator 
desires  to  open  it,  he  releases  the  latches,  lifts  up 
the  cover,  and,  stepping  around  to  the  rear  end, 
throws  the  cover  over.  When  this  is  done,  the 
operator  has  the  flywheel,  knife,  and  cutter  bar 
within  convenient  reach  so  that  he  can  easily  make 
whatever  adjustments  or  changes  are  necessary. 
Asa  matter  of  fact,  there  is  no  adjustment  neces- 
sary to  be  made  that  is  dim  cult  to  reach. 

These  conveniences  of  operation  are  of  special 
interest  because  they  save  a  great  deal  of  time  if 
anything  goes  wrong  with  the  machine.  It  is  an 
expensive  proposition  to  have  a  number  of  men, 
teams,  and  wagons  idle  for  a  few  hours. 

Made  of  Sheet  Steel  and  Braced :     There  is 
a  great  deal  of  wear  and  strain  on  the  fan-housing. 
Therefore,  it  is  made  of  heavy  sheet  steel,  thor- 
oughly braced.     The  fan-house    sides  are  each  made  of  a  single  piece  of  sheet  steel, 
electrically  welded  to  the  side  of  the  rim.    The  rim  is  li' -gauge  sheet  steel,  rolled  in  the 
shape  of  a  channel.     This  construction  makes  the  fan-housing  practically  one  piece. 
Operator  is  Protected :     A  grating  is  placed  over  the  air  inlet  of  the  fan-housing  in 

the  center  to  protect  the 
operator,  or  anyone  else, 
from  getting  their  hands 
into  the  wheel. 

It  is  not  generally 
realized  that  there  is  a 
powerful  suction  at  the 
air  inlet  to  the  fan 
housing,  and  this,  on 
many  machines,  is  often 
the  cause  of  unlooked- 
for  accidents.  A  loose 
coat  will  often  be 
drawn  in  by  the  suc- 
tion when  the  operator 
passes  by.  This  can- 
not happen  on  the  Inter- 
national. 


back 


Fan-house  cover  open 
1(5 


INTERNATIONAL  ENSILAGE  CUTTERS 


Type  of  flywheel  used  on  all  Interna- 
tional Ensilage  Cutters.  Note  heavy 
driving  pinion,  covered  pulley,  secure 
fan-blade  fastenings,  and  substantial 
way  in  which  knives  are  held  in  place 


Flywheel: 

The  flywheel  is 
made  of  a  supe- 
rior grade  of  grey 
iron  cast  in  one 
piece  and  turned 
to  a  perfect  circle 
with  a  band  of 
double  refined 
iron  shrunk 
around   the    out- 

The  knife  is  set  into  the  flywheel  against  four  side  and  perfect- 
lugsandissolidlyheldin  place  with  lock  nuts.  }y  welded.  The 
Note  the  band  around  the  outside  of  the  fly-     J  1     i  1' 

wheel  to  increase  the  strength  and  safety  remarkable  ten- 
acity of  this  band 
makes  for  safety,  as  it  adds  greatly  to  the  strength  of 
the  wheel.  The  knife  seats  and  lugs  are  all  accurately 
machined  to  gauge.  The  concave  knives  are  ground 
to  accurate  thickness. 

How  Knives  are  Attached:  Each  knife  is 
attached  to  the  wheel  with  five  heavy  bolts  set  staggered  and  securely  held  by  lock 
nuts.  The  lugs  against  which  the  knives  rest  take  the  shearing  strain  off  the  bolts. 
The  fact  that  the  knives  and  flywheel  are  accurately  gauged  and  fitted  means  that 
when  adjustments  have  once  been  made  the  knives  can 

be  easily  and  cpaickly    changed. 

The  point   of  the    knife  is  pro- 
tected  by  a  knob-like  projection 

in  the  casting.      This  projection 

makes     it     impossible    for     the 

point  of  the    knife  to    catch   on 

the  cutter  bar  provided  the  knife 

is  securely  bolted  in  place,  even 

if   the    operator  allows    the    fly- 
wheel   adjustment   to   get  loose. 

The   projection   will    strike    the 

edge  of  the  throat  casting  which 

holds   the    upper   feed    roll  and 

the  sound  will  give  the  operator 

warning  in  time  to  fix  the  adjust- 
ment before  any  harm  is  done. 

The  edge  of  the   throat   casting 

slopes  at  a  slight  angle,  coming 

out  even  with  the  cutter  bar  at 

the  bottom.     This  will  force  the 

knife  away  from  the   cutter   bar 

and    prevent  breakage. 
17 


Top  view  looking  down  be- 
tween flywheel  and  cut- 
ter bar.  Note  shape  of 
feed-roll  casting  and  slight 
projection  on  flywheel 


Side  view  looking  between  flywheel 
and  feed-roll  casting.  Note  slop- 
ing edge  of  casting  and  projection 
covering  point  of  knife  on  flywheel 


INTERNATIONAL  ENSILAGE  CUTTERS 


Deflector  furnished 
regularly  with  ma- 
chine. Adjustments 
can  he  made  within 
or  without  the  silo 
by  means  of  a  rope 
on  a  pulley 


Distributor  with  pipe  thrown 
to  one  side,  showing  the  great 
range  of  distribution  possible 


Blower  Pipe :     Those  who  have  had  trouble  with  an  inferior  blower  pipe  can  readily 
understand  what  an  important  part  it  plays  when  it  comes  to  filling  a  silo.     A  pipe 

which  bends  or  breaks  causes  no  end  of  trouble,  and  poor 
connections,  as  a  rule,  either  result  in  clogging  or  a  loss  of 
elevating  power. 

Of   Right  Size   to    Carry    Ensilage    Properly :      The 

pipe  must  also  be  of  just  the  right  diameter  to  give  the 
best  results.  If  it  is  too  large  in  diameter  for  the  power 
exerted  by  the  blower,  the  ensilage  will  not  be  elevated  to 
any  great  height.  If  it  is  too  small  for  the  amount  of 
ensilage  cut,  it  will  become  clogged. 

How  Pipe  is  Made:  The  blower  pipe  of  the  Inter- 
national ensilage  cutter  is  made  of  heavy  galvanized  sheet 
steel.  Each  section  is  fitted  with  two  malleable  iron  rings. 
(  hu>  ring  is  riveted  to  the  lower  end  of  the  pipe  and  the 
edge  of  the  sheet  steel  is  bent  over,  fitting  around  the  ring 
and  making  a  tight,  smooth  finish.  The  other  ring  is 
riveted  to  the  pipe,  leaving  three-quarters  of  an  inch  pro- 
jecting beyond  it. 

18 


Flexible  joint  on 
Type  E   cutter 


INTERNATIONAL  ENSILAGE  CUTTERS 


I 


i 


Defl 
and 


ector  with  hopper  joint,  top  joint, 
egular  joint  make  the  distributor 


^  This  projection  is  crimped  inward  and  fits  into  the 

^k  £orC    lower  end  of  the  next  pipe  section,  giving  practically 

a  telescoping  effect.  The  top  ring  of  the  lower  section 
and  the  bottom  ring  of  the  upper  section  are  held 
tightly  together  by  four  bolts  on  the  A  and  B,  and 
three  on  the  E.  This  form  of  construction  gives  a 
connection  which  is  tight,  and  at  the  same  time  is 
perfectly  smooth  on  the  inside. 

Deflector:  The  deflector  regularly  furnished 
with  International  ensilage  cutters  does  not  have 
the  distributor  attachment.  It  has  an  up-and-down 
adjustment  so  that  ensilage  can  be  thrown  from  one 
side  of  the  silo  to  the  other,  but  not  in  a  complete 
circle  as  with  the  distributor. 

A  Distributor  an  Advantage:  The  advantage 
of  using  a  distributor  is  apparent  to  anyone  who  has 
ever  had  the  experience  of  work- 
ing on  the  inside  of  a  silo.  Ordi- 
narily, the  heavier-cut  fodder  falls 
in  one  place  and  the  lighter  por- 
tions in  another.  With  the  dis- 
tributor the  silo  is  solidly  and 
evenly  filled,  with  less  help  and 
greater  convenience. 

The  distributor  and  distrib- 
uting pipe  are  furnished  only  on  special  order. 
Blower  pipe  is  not  priced  with  the  machine. 
Length  of  pipe  must  be  specified  with  order. 
For  description  of  different  sizes  and  lengths 
of  pipe,  see  page  22. 


Pipe  connection 
on    all    sizes 


Pipe  and  fanhouse  con- 
nection   on    all    sizes 


Pilling  the  silo 


19 


INTERNATIONAL  ENSILAGE  CUTTERS 


Corn  Chute  a  Big  Advan- 
tage in  Feeding:  International 

ensilage  cutters  are  convenient 
to  feed,  due  to  the  corn  chute 
which  is  set  up  at  an  angle  at 
the  end  of  the  feed  table.  It  is 
very  easy  to  unload  onto  this 


Observe  that  the  feeder  is  at  the  end  of  the  chute,  free 
from  danger  of  coming  in  contact  with  the  mechanism 

chute  because  the  operator  drives  up  to  the  end 
of  it  and  drops  his  bundles  on  the  incline,  from 
which  they  slide  down  onto  the  feed  apron.  The 
driver  throws  the  bundles  into  this  chute  in  such 
a  way  that  when  they  get  onto  the  feed  apr<  >n  they 
are  forced  into  the  machine  by  the  paddle  roll, 
without  needing  an  extra  man  at  the  feed  open- 
ing to  give  them  direction.  This  means  a  big 
saving  in  both  labor  and  money.  The  corn  chute 
and   paddle-roD  combination    practically  takes 


The  size  and  shape  of  the  end  of  the  chute 
makes  it  an  easy  matter  to  feed  in  the  stalks 


the  place  and  does  the  work 
of  one  man. 

Easy  to  Set:  When  set- 
ting the  machine,  it  is  only 
necessary  to  drive  up  to  the 
silo  in  the  position  desired, 
lower  the  leg  at  the  outer 
corner  of  the  conveyor,  put 
on  the  chute,  and  brace  the 
machine  against  the  power. 

The  cuts  show  different 
positions  in  which  the  ma- 
chine can  be  set  to  the  silo. 


The  driver  can  drive  his  wagon  so  that  he  does  not 
have  to  walk  along  the  rack  to  feed  the  machine 

20 


INTERNATIONAL  ENSILAGE  CUTTERS 


Corn  fodder  in  the  winter  — Note  the  snow 


Cutting  Corn  Fodder:    A 

great  many  people  who  do 
not  have  silos  would  like  to 
cut  up  their  corn  fodder  for 
feed  in  winter.  A  particular 
advantage  of  this  is  that  the 
fodder  is  put  in  much  more 
edible  condition  for  the  stock 
than  when  fed  direct  from  the 
field.  It  can  also  be  handled 
much  easier  than  when  there 
are  cornstalks  in  the  feed. 
There  is  also  less  waste,  as 
every  part  of  the  stalk  is 
utilized. 


The  center  illustration  on 
this  page  shows  the  method 
pursued  by  one  farmer  in  tak- 
ing: care  of  the  cut  fodder. 

As  fast  as  the  fodder  was 
made,  he  made  a  housing  for 
it  out  of  the  uncut  fodder. 
This  work  was  done  in  the 
winter  when  there  was  snow 
on  the  ground.  The  fact  that 
the  machine  successfully  cut 
this  fodder  is  the  best  evi- 
dence in  the  world  of  its 
efficiency  for  all  cornstalk 
cutting    purposes. 


International  Ensilage  Cutter 
cutting  cornstalks,  and  blow- 
ing the  ensilage  onto  a  stack 


The  illustration  at  the 
bottom  of  the  page  was 
taken  to  show  the  great 
contrast  between  the  cut  fod- 
der and  the  uncut.  Even 
the  fineness  of  the  shredded 
stover  is  shown  very  clearly. 
The  farmer  is  fast  begin- 
ning to  realize  the  advantages 
of  dry  cut  fodder  as  a  feed, 
over  the  uncut. 


INTERNATIONAL  ENSILAGE  CUTTERS 


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22"  Front  Wheel 

3"  Tire 
Wheels  22" 
Front  and  Rear 

Distributors  on  all  machines  are  furnished  on  order,  as  follows: 
Hopper  Joint— 3' long,  numbered  210-LA— one  used 

Top  Joint        —2'  long  (11"  l>i one  end.  9"  Dium.  other),  numbered 215  LB  — one  end 

Regular  Joint -4'  long  (10"  Ilium,  one  end,  9"  Diam.  other),  numbered  215-LA—  used  as  required* 

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22 


INTERNATIONAL  ENSILAGE  CUTTERS 


Knife-Grinding  Attachment  for  International  Ensilage  Cutters:  The  local  facili- 
ties on  some  farms  do  not  provide  adequate  means  for  the  proper  grinding  of  ensilage 
cutter  knives,  and  poor  work  and  an  increase  in  the  amount  of  power  required  to  give 
the  best  results  is  always  the  outcome  of  trying  to  do  the  work  with  knives  which  are 
not  in  the  best  condition.  For  this  reason  a  knife-grinding  attachment  is  regularly 
furnished  for  all  sizes  of  International  ensilage  cutters. 

The  stone  is  a  iva,ter  stone,  the  same  as  is  used  in  the  shops,  and  will  not  draw  the 
temper  from  the  knives.  The  outfit  is  self-contained,  is  shielded,  and  the  stone  is  nar- 
row enough  to  do  good  work  on  the  curved  part  of  the  knives.  As  two  sets  of  knives 
are  furnished  with  each  machine,  one  set  can  be  sharpened  while  the  other  set  is  work- 
ing. In  this  way  the  machine  can  be  kept  in  good  working  condition  without  the 
delay  of  taking  the  knives  to  town  to  be  sharpened.  A  great  deal  of  expense  and 
annoyance  can  be  saved  in  this  way. 


Knife-grinding  attachment  regularly  furnished  with  all  sizes 

23 


INTERNATIONAL  ENSILAGE  CUTTERS 


EIhbSJ    /     '    '   '   '   "   *   x   N    N  wwlllliiiii 

mWPfra     ajlllMIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIMIMIMIIMIIIIMMIIIMMIIMIMMIIIIIIIIIIjS 

■     IHC    LINE    1 


=_  GRAIN   MACHINES 

BINDERS 
E  HEADERS  = 

REAPERS 
HEADER-BINDERS 

|  HAY  MACHINES  = 

MOWERS 

RAKES 
E  HAY    PRESSES  = 

SWEEP    RAKES 

HAY  LOADERS 
5        STACKERS  E 

TEDDERS 

SIDE    DELIVERY    RAKES 

COMBINED    SWEEP    RAKES  = 

AND    STACKERS 

|  CORN  MACHINES 

PLANTERS  g 

PICKERS 
=  BINDERS  = 

E  ENSILAGE    CUTTERS 

CORNSTALK    RAKES 

STALK    CUTTERS 

SHELLERS 

CULTIVATORS 
=  HUSKERS  AND    SHREDDERS  = 

I  TILLAGE 

DISK    HARROWS 
=j  CULTIVATORS  = 

SPRING-TOOTH    HARROWS 

PEG-TOOTH    HARROWS 
=  COMBINATION    HARROWS  = 

I  GENERAL  LINE 

MOTOR    TRUCKS 
=  FEED    GRINDERS  = 

KNIFE    GRINDERS 

BINDER    TWINE 

THRESHERS  = 

STONE    BURR    MILLS 
=  GRAIN    DRILLS  E 

CREAM    SEPARATORS  E 

OIL    AND    GAS    ENGINES 
=  MANURE    SPREADERS 

=  FERTILIZER    SOWERS  = 

OIL   TRACTORS 

FARM   WAGONS  AND  TRUCKS  = 

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CI 


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BRANCH       HOUSES 

INTERNATIONAL  HARVESTER  COMPANY  OF  AMERICA 


(INCORPORATED) 


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§ 


i 

ABERDEEN.  S.  D. 

DETROIT.  MICH. 

LINCOLN.  NEB. 

RICHMOND.  IND. 

ALBANY,  N    V. 

DUBUQUE.  IA. 

LITTLE   ROCK.  ARK. 

RICHMOND.  VA. 

E 

ATLANTA.  GA. 

EAST  ST   LOUIS.  ILL. 

MADISON.  WIS. 

ROCKFORD.  ILL. 

3 

AUBURN.  N.  Y 

EAU  CLAIRE.  WIS. 

MANKATO.  MINN. 

ST.  CLOUD.  MINN. 

AURORA.  ILL. 

ELMIRA.  N.  Y 

MASON  CITY.  IA. 

ST.  JOSEPH.  MO. 

= 

BALTIMORE.  MD 

EVANSVILLE.  IND. 

MEMPHIS.  TENN. 

ST   LOUIS.  MO. 

BIRMINGHAM.  ALA. 

FARGO.  N    D. 

MILWAUKEE.  WIS 

SAGINAW.  MICH. 

= 

BISMARCK.  N.  D. 

FT   DODGE.  IA. 

MINNEAPOLIS.  MINN. 

SALINA.  KAN. 

i 

BOSTON.  MASS 

FT   WAYNE.  IND 

MINOT.  N    D, 

SALT   LAKE  CITY.  UTAH 

a 

BUFFALO.  N    Y. 

GRAND   FORKS.  N.  D. 

NASHVILLE.  TENN 

SAN   FRANCISCO.  CAL. 

= 

CEDAR  FALLS.  IA. 

GRAND  RAPIDS.  MICH 

NEW  ALBANY.  IND 

SIOUX   CITY.  IA. 

i 

= 

CHARLOTTE.  N    C 

GREEN   BAY.  WIS 

NEW  ORLEANS.  LA. 

SIOUX   FALLS.  S   D. 

CINCINNATI.  OHIO 

HARRISBURG.  PA 

OGDENSBURG.  N    Y 

SOUTH   BEND.  IND. 

= 

CLEVELAND.  OHIO 

HELENA.  MONT 

OKLAHOMA  CITY  OKLA 

SPOKANE.  WASH. 

2 

COLUMBIA.  S  C. 

HUTCHINSON.  KAN. 

OMAHA.  NEB 

SPRINGFIELD.  ILL 

= 

COLUMBUS   OHIO 

INDIANAPOLIS.  IND. 

PARKERSBURG.  W   VA 

SPRINGFIELD.  MO. 

= 

CONCORDIA.  KAN 

JACKSON.  MICH. 

PARSONS.  KAN 

TERRE   HAUTE.  IND. 

B 

COUNCIL  BLUFFS.  IA 

JACKSONVILLE.  FLA. 

PEORIA.  ILL. 

TOLEDO.  OHIO 

I 

CRAWFORD.  NEB. 

KANKAKEE.  ILL. 

PHILADELPHIA.  PA 

TOPEKA.  KAN. 

= 

DAVENPORT.  IA. 

KANSAS  CITY.  MO. 

PITTSBURGH.  PA 

WATERTOWN.  S.  D. 

i 

DENVER.  COLO 

KNOXVILLE.  TENN. 

PORTLAND.  ORE. 

WICHITA.  KAN. 

i 

DES   MOINES.  IA. 

LANSING   MICH. 

OUINCY.  ILL.  , 

WINONA.  MINN 

= 

For  catalogues  or 

special  information  see 

I HC  dealer  or  write  nearest  branch  house   |l 

niliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiM I iiiiiiin minium niiiiii mm miimiimi I i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiHiiimiiimiiiii iiiiiiiniiiKg  | 


Sold  by 
INTERNATIONAL  HARVESTER  COMPANY  OF  AMERICA 

(Incorporated) 

CHICAGO  USA 


For  further  information  write  International  Harvester  Company  of  America 
Chicago,  III.,  or  write  our  nearest  branch  house. 


aHHWM<iiuiiiiwiiiiiiiimMi;iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiHwiMiiiiwiiiiniii»iiiiiiiiiiiiii»^^ 


BRANCH      HOUSES 

INTERNATIONAL  HARVESTER  COMPANY  OF  AMERICA 


(INCORPORATED! 


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ABERDEEN.  S    D. 

DETROIT.  MICH. 

LINCOLN.  NEB. 

RICHMOND.  IND. 

ALBANY,  N    Y. 

DUBUQUE.  IA. 

LITTLE   ROCK.  ARK. 

RICHMOND.  VA. 

ATLANTA.  GA 

EAST  ST.  LOUIS.  ILL. 

MADISON.  WIS. 

ROCKFORD.  ILL. 

^      AUBURN.  N.  Y 

EAU  CLAIRE.  WIS. 

MANKATO.  MINN. 

ST.  CLOUD.  MINN. 

H      AURORA.  ILL. 

ELMIRA.  N.  Y 

MASON   CITY.  IA. 

ST   JOSEPH.  MO. 

BALTIMORE.  MD. 

EVANSVILLE.  IND. 

MEMPHIS.  TENN. 

ST.  LOUIS.  MO. 

BIRMINGHAM.  ALA. 

FARGO    N    D. 

MILWAUKEE.  WIS 

SAGINAW.  MICH. 

BISMARCK.  N.  D. 

FT   DODGE.  IA. 

MINNEAPOLIS.  MINN. 

SAL1NA.  KAN. 

BOSTON.  MASS 

FT   WAYNE.  IND. 

MINOT.  N    D 

SALT  LAKE  CITY.  UTAH 

BUFFALO.  N    Y. 

GRAND   FORKS.  N.  D. 

NASHVILLE.  TENN. 

SAN   FRANCISCO.  CAL. 

CEDAR  FALLS.  IA. 

GRAND   RAPIDS.  MICH 

NEW  ALBANY.  IND. 

SIOUX   CITY,  IA. 

CHARLOTTE.  N.  C 

GREEN   BAY    WIS. 

NEW  ORLEANS.  LA. 

SIOUX   FALLS.  S.  D. 

CINCINNATI.  OHIO 

HARRISBURG.  °A. 

OGDENSBURG.  N.  Y. 

SOUTH   BEND.  IND. 

CLEVELAND.  OHIO 

HELENA.  MONT 

OKLAHOMA  CITY.OKLA. 

SPOKANE.  WASH. 

COLUMBIA.  S   C. 

HUTCHINSON.  KAN 

OMAHA.  NEB. 

SPRINGFIELD.  ILL. 

COLUMBUS   OHIO 

INDIANAPOLIS.  IND. 

PARKERSBURG.  W   VA. 

SPRINGFIELD.  MO. 

CONCORDIA.  KAN 

JACKSON.  MICH. 

PARSONS.  KAN. 

TERRE   HAUTE.  IND. 

COUNCIL  BLUFFS.  IA 

JACKSONVILLE.  FLA. 

FEORIA.  ILL. 

TOLEDO.  OHIO 

CRAWFORD.  NEB. 

KANKAKEE.  ILL. 

PHILADELPHIA.  PA 

TOPEKA.  KAN. 

DAVENPORT    IA. 

KANSAS  CITY.  MO 

PITTSBURGH.  PA 

WATERTOWN.  S.  D. 

DENVER.  COLO 

KNOXVILLE.  TENN. 

PORTLAND.  ORE 

WICHITA.  KAN. 

OES  MOINES.  IA. 

LAN3(NG.  *«CH. 

OUINCY.  ILL. 

WINONA.  MINN. 

jjjiii] ffni^ 

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HARVESTER    PRESS 


